7.[historical materials criticism]
2016.6.14

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The historical materials criticism to the public,
Content written down in "external criticism" and the historical
materials to examine the external condition of historical materials is divided into "internal criticism" to evaluate.

[historical materials criticism (I) external criticism]

I consider how historical materials are usable as an exhibit.
To that end, it is necessary to grasp "the external condition"
of historical materials.
These become the criteria of the evidence value of historical materials.

What is "the external condition?" Specifically, it is to be considered
at the following points of view.
(１) It is not forgery (examination of the original or an imitation)
(２) How is the human relations with time, a place, the author
whom historical materials were settled for (examination of the outbreak) or
(３) It is original historical materials (examination of the primitivity)

(１) It is not forgery (examination of the original or an imitation)

1. Does the form of the historical materials accord with the form
of other right historical materials?
In the case of ancient documents, I examine paper, ink, a style of
handwriting, spirit of the writer, a sentence form, words, a seal closely.

2. Does the content of the historical materials not contradict other r
ight historical materials?

3. I contact that I am related to it progressively and adapt to the property,
and do a form and the contents of the historical materials have probability?

4. Does historical materials in itself have no artificial trace? The artificial
rudimentary examinations include the following things

(１) In the discovery of the historical materials, it is strange, and there is
not the doubt so that it is said that I am late with there not being the
explanation that I can be satisfied with and appeared in the world
(examination of the origin) or

(2) Whether imitation and the use of other historical materials that
there is not it or did not exist at that time that the author should watch are not proved.

(3) Is there not the anachronism not to be correct in a style of the time
that came from work making you look old?

(4) Is there not the tendency considered to have come by a motive of
the forgery of a property of the historical materials itself and the kind that are not like eyes?

In addition, by the comparison with the historical materials that I made an original,
I may be identified as forgery clearly.

Even if when "explanation referred to historical materials" has a mistake, I arrive,
In work to examine forgery, an applicable thing is included.

The basics of examination when there are "mixture" and "transformation"
are detailed comparative studies

(２) How is the human relations with time, a place, the author whom historical
materials were settled for (examination of the making situation) or

It is basics to know progress and the situation of the thing to clarify the date
and time, a place.

In the literary works of the old times, an author and the writing date and time
are often unidentified.

Only in the case of copying that the original grieves at in an official and
personal record document, a thing again,
For example, something like collected letters of people has many a miss
or insufficient things these.

Therefore I consider the date and time of the historical materials making.
I examine both external inner marks closely

External examination
1, clear historical materials on one day come out in the historical materials.

The historical materials come out in 2, clear historical materials on one day.

I judge it from 3, the known historical materials of other time relations to coexist.

It depends on 4, the judgment from occasionally technical relations. For example,
in a letter without a date,
When I know time when I arrived.

It depends on the historical investigation of 5, its being the pieces of known
historical materials of the time. など

Internal examination
1, a comparative study. With other historical materials that the date and time
have been already clarified,
I compare an external characteristic, e.g., a style, materials, the technique.

In 2, the historical materials from literatures, words in particular, a style become
the standard very much.
The element which sometimes expresses some times is included in even literary style.

In the case of 3, a record, I demand a clue from the contents of the article and
thereby judge it.
I help the use of the historical materials just to be able to clarify whether it is
the front or the back more once.

Others, the examination of "the place", the examination of "the person."

If a language reveals a position, character, an occupation, the system of
"the author" of the historical materials in the case of expressed historical materials,
it is with grounds to judge the reliability of the historical materials,
and it becomes convenient when I use the historical materials.

(３) It is original historical materials (examination of the primitivity)

You should be careful about the use of historical materials in particular,
and a thing is distinction of "original historical materials" and "borrowing historical materials".

I break down the element of each historical materials finely and, in comparison
with the historical materials that near relative relations are doubted,
in this way check those original characteristics and subsidiarity.

The rationale

About 1, one event a range of the observation grasp of each person and the contents,
About all individuals, there is not the thing that everybody agrees to be particularly accidental.

When 2, each person speak same one, the form of the expression is not same.

The testimony to accord in 3, the expression contents which were already
announced verbally by another person,
The subsidiarity becomes clear by there being often misunderstanding by
the agreement of at least accompaniment matter again.

When reports more than 4, two describe the same contents in the same form,
there are near relative relations in those historical materials.
I determine what kind of system relations these historical materials have.

Only as for the historical materials that are only original as for there being
evidence value in the historical materials in near relative relations when
it is said why this work is important therefore.

In addition, I never have value of evidence to a cuttlefish a lot because
it is the borrowing of the original.

But when the original historical materials are already lost and do not exist,

The thing which is relatively almost the original form which borrowed it,
As a thing reflecting the goods, it is respected.

[historical materials criticism (II) internal criticism]


I consider how much value of evidence there is how I should
believe historical materials.
"The testimony" of the direct witness does not rarely contradict
it for the same fact.

The person who submitted "testimony ,"
This evaluation in two points is necessary for an ethical meaning
whether you were able to speak the truth in a logical meaning
whether there was will to speak the truth.

About the contents that historical materials testify, there are
many examples that the reliability is harmed.
I greatly divide it into the cause, and there are "a mistake" and "falsehood".

[example of the mistake]
1.Sensible mistake

2.Mistake by a preconception and feelings in case of the synthetic judgment

3.The example that an emotional factor acts when I reproduce memory,
and exaggerated beautification happens

4.The example that verbalization is inappropriate, and testimony is not
just understood by another person

A mistake often enters even the direct observer.
Besides when a witness "is the person who heard from others by a case ,"
An opportunity to enter has more mistakes by original interpretation
misunderstanding, supplement.

The mass psychology commits the testimony to go by way of a very
large number of people like rumor more in the meantime, and it becomes
emotional, and the mistakes particularly increase more and more.

[false example]
Falsehood based on the interest of 1, oneself or one's group

Falsehood to leave from 2, hatred feeling, jealousy feeling, vanity, the curiosity

Falsehood to have surrendered to 3, open or tacit compulsion

Falsehood to describe a fact from 4, ethical aesthetic emotion moralistically or artistically

5, morbid metamorphosis-like falsehood

6, silence may be a kind of falsehood


In this way, the testimony that is language historical materials has
many opportunities when a mistake, falsehood enters.

As for the report of the person concerned of the case, there is value
in the meaning to be the testimony of a person grasping the case best most.

When if historical materials are genuine, these are judged,
I am called "primary historical materials" "the first grade historical materials"
and am usually the thing of a kind valued high.

However, because, on the other hand, the person concerned has biggest interest in it,
Out of an interest, vanity, I tend to occasionally hide the truth.

In this respect, the testimony of the third party comes to possess higher reliability.
Falsehood enters without a mistake. (false possibility of the person concerned report)

In all testimony, it becomes the important standard to consider the person of
the author in thinking about the reliability of the historical materials.

I classify language historical materials roughly into "a sound" and "a letter" and think.

In the case of "sound" historical materials, time; is human, and indirect の
degrees increase, and open; reliability declines so as to become far.
The legend is the model.

Generally, 1 exaggerated beautification, idealization, 2 concentration,
3 mixture tend to happen while they come for a long time.
In the sound historical materials becoming documents, the learning through
the grapevine-like thing has such a property now during an once considerable period.

In the case of "letter" historical materials,
I examine one one of the historical materials closely more after classifying
it in a history book, a chronicle, biography and others, various kinds of kinds
in an official and personal coming and going document, a manifesto, a speech,
an article of the journalism, a diary, a memorandum, reminiscences, a genealogy,
a career, and having almost considered the property.

Particularly, about contents with an interest, contents with a property of
publicizing it, the contents for the purpose of the moral artistry,
you should expect the distortion of the fact.

Finally there is general work to reach the history recognition.
(about "the synthesis ," I decide to explain it later)


Consideration] by the outbreak progress of [historical materials

When the historical materials that I had in my hand do not say
how and think about an outbreak model to guess, it is convenient.

Progress itself of the time has a big aspect to characterize the change
of historical materials contents.

Particularly, a remarkable intentional tendency is seen in the change
when it becomes a record and editing thing of coming ages and a story, a novel.

Because a story, the novel is easy to circulate and may widen
misunderstanding in the world, only it thinks that attention is necessary.

By the way, how may you know the outbreak of the case?
Will it depend on knowing the trace? Or is it the report of others?

Anyway, the person except the person concerned knowing it when
a case is a fact
I determine whether you judge it by a trace (remains) by the report
of others (testimony) or depend on these two kinds.

When a certain case occurs, it is and I follow progress and try to think.

The person concerned is the making of oneself or the historical materials
that I left at the time of one of 1 ,① case, fact respectively on the spot.
(e.g., for "remains" a footprint, a bloodstain, a fingerprint, a trace of the work.)

Or for "testimony" historical materials the letter for communication,
instructions, a businesslike record, a memo, the diary for reminders.

＊("testimony" historical materials have the side called remains, too.)
Therefore, these are quality of paper, handwriting, a sentence form, words,
When it is the thing of the then person concerned, you must be able to confirm it;).


②The testimony historical materials that a third party made at the same period.
＊Time from this case, case (from the side as the remains of testimony historical
materials, is quality of paper, handwriting, a sentence form, words the thing whic
h can confirm like ,①); is thought that it is natural to think that the reliability
declines spatially as leave it

The historical materials that 2, time and a place were apart, but the person
concerned made by oneself. The kind of the normal memorandum and record.

As grounds, I connected them and settled 3, 1 and 2. A family tree, a biography,
the memorandum of each person concerned genealogy.

It was written while referring to 4, them.
The story that was written for the purpose of A, the moral influence and artistry,
a lesson and entertainment.
Documents with B, an intentional advertising purpose.
C, the history book which were edited
など.

The historical materials that were made to run society and an organization,
and to functionalize it.

Mostly, in a historical fact, an interest is caused by a viewpoint.
That is why a certain human relations become important behind historical materials.

Rather I become often untrustworthy because it is said even if the document related
to the interest of an individual and the group is considered to be the making of the
person concerned or that the person concerned made it adversely.

A historical fact produced the disturbance information of the historical fact;
can exist from the first.

If control an interest; the information by these people concerned,
By the person or others, it is easy to become a target of forgery, a forgery,
the falsehood.

"How true are contents whether a trace and remains, documents, testimony,
a picture, a photograph becoming the evidence "are the real thing?"

It is right historical materials of the same period about an element constitutin
g the historical materials that を is necessary to judge it.

In other words as for the production technology of geography, the topography,
a geological feature, the weather, a trace, remains, quality of paper, handwriting,
sentence form, words or the article, the tendency or materials,
I am helpful to identify time and a place and the situation.

Or for the thing which is helpful as information,

The overall history, overall human relations,
In a record, the information of life, custom, a system, a thought, the behavior pattern
which then people left, I prove a place and the probability of contents about the case at time,

It becomes the などが reference.

However, that, as for proof, is clearly right with "remains" and "testimony" for the inspection; between "remains" groups understanding,
It is important above all that there is consistency.

(come) my writing "history and proof"